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î›żîœ±î›°îœ‹îœ„îœ±îœ’îœł îąČ  2024
/  
î›ș
(  î›ș)
: 3   :70
: îœČ   îąČ  î›Ș ,  îœČî›ș      îąČ îœČîœ‹îî„Ą  îąČ îœźî›žîœîœ±
 îœČî›ș     îœčî„Ą  îąČ    
î›ș-
1. îŁąîœ‡îƒî©îœ‡îœ­               
2.   îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±  îœč?       îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îźîœ†îœ­îœźîœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ 
 îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›čî›°î„Ą
î›ș-î›č
3. î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ­îŠîąŒ
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    î›žîœ“îî„Ą         
   îźîœîœ­îœ™îœŒîƒ   
4.      îœČî›č      î›žîœ±îœźî›żî›°î„Ą
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î›ș-
5.  î›Șî›ș  îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’î›žîœ“îœ†   ?    î›Șî›ș   îœč 
   
6.    îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“        îŁ™îąŒ î›žîœ±îœźî›żî›°î„Ą
î›ș-
7.      , -       î›žîœ±îœźî›żî›°
8. îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č  îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›č:
(i)    
(ii)    î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș  
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î›żîœ±î›°îœ‹îœ„îœ±îœ’îœł î›Ș  2024
/  
î›ș
(  î›ș)
: 3   :70
: îœČ   îąČ  î›Ș ,  îœČî›ș      îąČ îœČîœ‹îî„Ą  îąČ îœźî›žîœîœ±
 îœČî›ș     îœčî„Ą  îąČ    
î›ș-
1. îŁąîœ‡îƒî©îœ‡îœ­               
î›Ș:îŁąîœ‡îƒî©îœ‡îœ­            
îŁąîœ‡îƒî©îœ‡îœ­           ,    î›żîœ±îœ™îƒîœ‡   
  î›žîœ±îœźî›żî›°, î›żîœŒ , îœ“îœ­î›żîœ‹îœ±îœźîœ‡,   î›ș    î›ș   
îœčî„Ą              , îœČîą©îœ™îœ°îŁ•îœ‡ 
 ,     îŁąîœ‡îƒî©îœ‡îœ­      îą©îœ­îœî›ž    îœčî„Ą
            î›żîœ­îœ‹îî„Ą
1. îŁąîœ‡îƒî©     
1947  ,        î›ș, î›żîœŒ   î›Ș-îœîœźîąźîœ‘îœ± î›ș   îœčî„Ą
‱      :
o   î›žîąłîœ±îœ“/îœźîœžîœ‘îœ­î›œîœ• î›Ș 
o    
o îœîœ­îœźî›žîŁ‘îœ­îœ‹îœîœźîąźîœ‘îœ± î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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   
‱ îœČ,      î›șîœŒîœźîœ•î›ž        îœžî“î„Ą
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‱  î›șîœŒîœźîœ•î›ž   ,     îœč,    îœ“îœ­î›żîœ‹îœ±îœźîœ‡î›ž  
îœ“îœ†îœ‹îœ±îœźîœ‡î›ž     îœčî„Ą
îŁąîœ‡îƒî©îœ‡îœ­               îœźîœ‹îœîœ­î›©î„Ą
2. îŁąîœ‡îƒî©îœ‡îœ­    (1947)
1947  î›§î›żîœ­îœ‰îœ±  ,       îźîœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ    îœˆîœ­î„Ą ,  
 îœČ   îœźîœ‰îœ’îœ­î„Ą
  
‱          î›ș 
‱ îœîœźîąźîœ‘îœ±    
‱      îœ“îœžîœ­î„Ą
   :
‱  îœč  î›żîœ‹îœîƒîž„îœ­  
‱  
‱     îœČ
îœšîœ“îœ†îœ­îœźîœˆîŠîœ’îœŒîƒ   îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­            
î›șî›ș îœČ îœČî›ș  îœîœŁîœ­î„Ą
3.    î›ș (1947-1956)
  ,        îœˆîœ­î„Ą
  :
‱ îœ“îœ­î›żîœŠîœ­îœ‹îœ±    ,      î›ș
‱ -   -      îœˆîœ±îƒî„Ą
‱       îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­  îœˆîœ±î„Ą
     ,    îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­îœîœ‡îœŒîƒ    îœČ îœźî›žîœ’îœ­î„Ą
4. îœîœ±î›©îœîœ±î›°îœîœ’îœł (     )  î›ș
1948 ,  îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­îœîœ‡îœŒîƒ   îœîœ±î›©îœîœ±î›°îœîœ’îœł  î›ș  î›ș îœˆîœ­î„Ą
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îœČ 
îœČ
:
‱ , , , ,    îœžî“î„Ą
‱    îœČ    î›ș
‱       îœ“îœ­î›żîœŠîœ­îœ‹îœ± îœˆîœ±î„Ą
 , 1950    îœČ ,    îœČî›č   :
1.  
2. 
5.   îœČî›ș (1956)
 îœČî›ș , 1956   îœ‘îœŒîœŁ 
 ?
‱       î›ș
‱   ,     î›ș
‱    îŁ™îąŒ  î›ș

,  îœČî›č îœČ îœČ  îœ“îœžîœ­â€”îœîœ­îœœîœ­î„Ą
6.     îœČî›ș , 1966
  îœČ       î›ș
:
‱ îœîƒî›żîœ­îœîœ±     î›ș   î›ș 
‱ îœźîœžîƒîœ‰îœ±    î›ș  î›ș 
‱   îœ“îœ­î›żîœ‹îœ±îœźîœ‡î›ž   îœźîœ™îœ“îœŒîœŠ  î î›°î„Ą
 îœČî›ș , 1966:
      îœ‘îœ­îœ‹îœźî›œî©  îœîœłîœ“îœ±    îœźîœ‰îœ’îœ­î„Ą
:
‱ îœîƒî›żîœ­îœîœîƒî›żîœ­îœîœ±    î›ș
‱  îœźîœžîƒîœ‰îœ±      î›ș îœˆîœ­î„Ą
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‱ îœźîœžîœ‘îœ­î›œîœ• îźîœ‰îœžîœšîœîœžîœ­îœŁîœ±   
‱ î›ș       îœ“îœ­î›żîœŠîœ­îœ‹îœ±  î›ș
   îŁąîœ‡îƒî©îœ‡îœ­îœŒî …îœ“       îœˆîœ­î„Ą
7. 1966      
1966  ,   îœČîą©îœ™îœ°îŁ•îœ‡     îźîœîƒîœŠîœ‹îœ±îœ’     î›Șîœîœ“îœ­î„Ą
 :
‱ îœČ    
‱     -   î›ș
‱    23  îœžî“î„Ą
 îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±:
‱  î›ș   îœč:
o 
o 
o 
 î›ș    :
‱  
‱   îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­
‱  îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­
8.   îœ“îœ†îœ‹îœ±îœźîœ‡î›ž îœîœ‘îœ­îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹
îžîœŒîƒîœźî›ž      î›ș îœč:
‱   îœźî›żîœ•îœŒîƒ    î›ș
‱ îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č       î›ș:
o îœČ
o 
o  
  î›șîœŒîœźîœ•î›ž     î›Šîœźî€îœ‘     ,   
îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­  
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9.    î›»îœ‚îœ‹îœ­îąîœ‘
   :
‱    î›Ș-  î›ș
‱ -î›ș  
‱  îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’ îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœ’îœŒîƒ   
‱   îœș     
   î›Ș       îœčî„Ą
10.      
     îœč îžîœŒîƒîœźî›ž:
‱           îœčî„Ą
‱  î›ș      îœč
‱  îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­     îœČ
‱    îœ“îœ­îąŒ

   
îąș
îŁąîœ‡îƒî©îœ‡îœ­      î›Șî›č      îœžî“î„Ą    
,      îœČîą©îœ™îœ°îŁ•îœ‡ îœîƒî›żîœ­îœîœ±   ,   ,  
     îœčî„Ą    îœîœ±î›©îœîœ±î›°îœîœ’îœł   1966  îœČî›ș
,    îœČ        îœźîœ‹îœîœ­î›© îœčî„Ą
2.   îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±  îœč?       îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îźîœ†îœ­îœźîœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ 
 îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›čî›°î„Ą
î›Ș:đŸŒ±îœîœ‡îœžîœ±  îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±: 
  îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±        îœčî„Ą    îœč  îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›© 
   îœč,    îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±   î›čîœ‡îœ­î„Ą îœČ       îœč,  î›č
    îœąîœ‘îœ±îœ‹    îœčî„Ą î›ș       îœč,   ,
  îœČ         îœč
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  îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ±         î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœžî“î„Ą   :
‱ î›čîœČ   îœčîœ‹îœ•î›żîœŒ       îœžî“î„Ą
‱ îœ‡îœ‚îœîƒîœŠîœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ      îœźîœ•î›°î„Ą
‱ î›ș  îœ‹îœ­îœźîœ•îœ’îœ­îîœîœ­îœ‹îœ±  îœČ   îœČ   îœźîœ•î›°î„Ą
‱  îœČ  î›ș      îœČ  îœźîœ•î›°î„Ą
 ,   îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±  îœČ  îœč      î›Ș  î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°, 
     î›Ș   î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°
đŸŒŸîœîƒî›żîœ­îœ   îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±
          ,       îœčî„Ą  î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›«
îœč , , îœČ   îœč îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ  îœîœŒîœźîœœîœ‡  îœžî“î„Ą   ,  îœ‘îœ­îœ‹îœîœłîœ‹îœ±
   ,        îœžî“î„Ą   îœîœ°îŁ‘îœ’îœŒîƒ  
 ,    îą©îœ­îœî›ž  îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±   îœč
🌊   îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± 
   îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îœźîœ‹îĄ» î Ș   îœč:
‱  : , , îœČ
‱  : , î›żîœŒ       îœčî„Ą
‱   (, , î›č):    î›Ș      î„Ą
   îźîœ†îœ­îœźîœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ     îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ±  î Ș    îœčî„Ą
🛠   îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± 
      îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ±     îœč:
‱  îœČ :      îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ   î›șî›ș 1,800 îœźî›žîœ‘îœ±  
‱   :             î›șî›ș
3,800 
‱  îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ±  :            î›șî›ș
7,200 îœźî›žîœ‘îœ± 
îœČ     î›ș  îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č  :
‱ îœîżîœ±/ 
‱  
‱  
‱  
‱ îœČ (îœČ  )
‱   
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‱  
  îœŠîœ‘îœźîœ‹îœ’îœŒîƒ     , î›żîœŒ    îœČ   îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ  
îœžî“î„Ą
🌟   îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ±  
   îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ±    î›šîƒî›żîœ±îœźîœ‹îœ’îœŻîœ“îƒî›ș   — îœźî›žîœîœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ   î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹ î›č îœžî“î„Ą
î›Ș    :
‱    :       îœ‹îąŒ    îœč
‱ î›ș   îœîœ°îŁ‘îœ’îœŒîƒ    î›Ș   îœžî“î„Ą
‱ îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±    îœČ:  î›č     îœč,  î›Ș  
î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœčî„Ą
‱ îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›©  : îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›©   îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ±   îœČ îœČ  îœč
 îźîœ†îœ­îœźîœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ  ,      î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›« îœč      
  îœžî“î„Ą
îœČîœ‹îœœîœźîœ‡îœ’îœ­î
îą©îœ­îœî›ž   ,   îœČîœ‹îœœîœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ     îœč:
‱  

: îœČ  îœč  î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș   î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± ,   
 
‱ îœČ :          îœčî„Ą
‱ î›čî›č   : î›ș         î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœčî„Ą
‱ -   îœČ   îœč     
     îœžî“î„Ą
📊î›č:    îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±
 (, , îœČ, )
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   (1800 îœźî›žîœ‘îœ±)  îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ±  (7200 îœźî›žîœ‘îœ±)
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   (3800) îœČî›č   
(îœîœłîœ€îœ­ , , îœîżîœ±, )
🎯
îœąîœ‘îœ±îœ‹          îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ± îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±  îœčî„Ą  , 
  î›ŠîœˆîŠîą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­   îœč,  îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ±  , î›ș  îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±     
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 îœžî“î„Ą îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ,      î›ș  ,       
 , îœ‹îœ­îœźîœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ        îœč
î›ș-î›č
3. î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ­îŠîąŒ

    î›žîœ“îî„Ą         
   îźîœîœ­îœ™îœŒîƒ   
î›Ș:  î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ­îŠîąŒ
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    :     
    îœČ , , îœ“îœŒî›żî›ș   î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹     î›ș  îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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
    îœžî“î„Ą îœčîą·îœ±î›žîœ“îœ†    îŁ™îąŒ  î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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  îœč, 
îœČ îœ‘îî„Ą  ,      ,        îœČî›č
     î›ș îœčî„Ą   î›șî›ș  î›ș       
          îœžî“î„Ą        ,   
 î›ș  î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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     îœč,    î›ș î›ș  îœîƒî›żîœ­îœîœ±  
   ,         îźîœîœ­îœ™îœŒîƒ  îœźîœ™îą¶îœžîœœîœ†  î›șîœ­î„Ą
î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ­îŠîąŒ
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   
î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ­îŠîąŒ
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 îźîœ™îœ­îœîœ•îœŒî›ș            îŁ•îœ­îœ’îœ±     
 îœč,   , îœ“îœŒî›żî›ș, îą©îœ™îœîœ­îœ’,   îœČ   î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹  îœč 
îœîœžî„Ą   îą©îœ°îž…      î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ­îŠîąŒ
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         
îœč,   î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ­îŠîąŒ
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       îœč
 îœšîĄšîœŒîƒ   ,      î›Ș      î›Č  îœč 
     îœč,    î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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      îœčî„Ą   
   î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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  îœč îžîœŒîƒîœźî›ž   îŁ•îœ­îœ’îœ±   î›ș   îœčî„Ą
         
     îœźî›žîœîœ±     îœžîœŒîœ‡îœ­î„Ą    (   î›ŸîœŒîœŁîœ‹îœž 
    )    (î›Ș       )
  îœčî„Ą
1.   îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡ îœč 
    îœș  îœźîœ™îą·îœźîœ™î šîœ­îœ•îœ’ ,      î›ș îœč :
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‱  îœČ  îœČ 
‱ îą©îœ­îœ™îœžîœ­îœŻîœ“î›ž îœČ îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡ îœč
‱ îœČ îœČ î›žîœ‘î›żîœŒîœ“ 
,   î›Č îœč   îœČ , î›Ș îźîœ’îœŒî›ș 
îœźîœ™îą·     îœźîœ„îœźî€îœ’îœ­î   îœžî“î„Ą  î›șîœČ     
  îœčî„Ą
2.  îœ“îœŒî›żî›ș  
             î›Ș   î›Șîąƒîœ±îœ‰ îœčî„Ą 
   îœč :
‱     îœźîœ„îœźî€îœ’îœ­îƒ îœ“îœŒî›żî›ș   îœžî“î„Ą
‱ îœźîœ™îœ‰îœžîœšîœ± îœ‹îœœî›žîœŻîœ“îœ’îœŒîƒ     îœč
‱      îœČ îœžî“î„Ą
 ,  îœČ   îœîœžîœ“îœŒî›żî›ș  -îœ“îœŒî›żî›ș   îœč  îœč,  
         îœžî“î„Ą
3.   î›ș
    îœ‹îœ±îœźîœ‡îœ’îœ­îƒ   :
‱       îœČ îœčî„Ą
‱     îœ™îœ±î›żîœ­ î›Șîœîœ•îĄ© 
‱  îœîœłîœ“îœ±    îŁ•îœ­îœ’îœ±       îœčî„Ą
        îŁ•îœ­îœ’îœ±      îœČîœźîœ‹îœ’îœŒîœźî›żîœ‡   
îœčî„Ą
4.      
      îźîœ‡îœ±î›ž  î›ș îœčî„Ą        îœč   î›ș
  îœžî“î„Ą îœîœŁîœŒîœźîœîœ’îœŒîƒ  îœŻîœ“îą±îœžîœ‰îœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ  îœźîœ™îœ‰îœžîœšîœŒîƒ    î›č:
‱    îœîœ­îœźîœˆîœ’îœŒîƒ  
‱  î Ș    îźîœŒî –îœ­îœžîœ‹
‱           îœč
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            îœčî„Ą
5. îœźîœ‹î›żîœ±   
  îœČî›č  îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č  î›Ș îœč:
‱  îœ™îœ±îœąîœ­ 
‱       î›žîœŒîœźî›œîƒî›ș 
‱ îœźîœ™îœ‰îœžîœšîœ±    
          îœČ î›ș    îœČ  ,
-  îœČîœ‹îœœîœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ  îœźî›Ÿîœîœ­  îœžî“î„Ą
6.  î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹îœšîœč  
 îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č      :
‱  î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹ 
‱  îœČ 
‱     
‱ îŁąîœ‡îƒî©îœ‡îœ­  îą©îœ°îž…î›ș 
   î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹îœšîœč             îœČ
î›ș îœčî„Ą
        
                îœčî„Ą
 
1.    
       îœč  îœžî“î„Ą :
‱    îœČ  îœč
‱ îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’ îą©îœ™îœîœ­îœ’îœŒîƒ    îœč
‱ î›ș  î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹   îœč
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  î›ŠîœˆîŠîą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­      îœčî„Ą
2.     
îœČ   îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č        :
‱ î›Ș 
‱ îœčîœźîą·î›ž îœČ
‱  îœČ
  î›ș  î›Șî›ș  ,           îœč
3. îœčîœźîą·î›ž îœČ  îœČ î€ŠîœźîąŒî›žîœŒîœ†
    îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č   îœČ  îœč:
‱  îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“
‱   
‱ îœČ  îœč
 -  î€ŠîœźîąŒî›žîœŒîœ†îœŒîƒ    îœč    îźîœŒî –îœ­îœźîœžîœ‡   îœč
 
1.  
 îœîœŁîœ± îœźî›œîƒîœ‡îœ­   îœčî„Ą îźîœźîœ‡îœîœ­îœšîœ­îœ•îœ±  î›«î›żîœ­îŠîœ™îœ­îœ‹ îœČ  î›ŸîœŒîœŁî›žîœ“   ,
 :
‱ îœČ    
‱ î›žîœ‘î›żîœŒîœ“   î›Ș
‱   
       îœč  î›Ș    î›č  îœč
2.    
  îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č     îœč:
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‱ -   
‱   î›ș
‱   îźîœ†îœ­îœźîœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ  
 î›ș , îœČîœČî›ș -          
3. îœîœŻîœ“îœ™îœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ  îœźîœ™î …îœ±îœ’ 
îœźî›žîœîœ±     î›ș  îœčî„Ą  :
‱   
‱ îœąîœ‘îœ±îœ‹   
‱         îœč     
 îœ‰îœ±î›»îŠî›žîœ­îœźîœ•î›ž îœźîœ™î …îœ±îœ’  î›Ș   îœčî„Ą
4.   
      îœč :
‱ îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’ îœ‹îœœî›žîœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­î îœźîœ‹îĄ»   
‱     îą©îœ™îœîœ­îœ’   
‱      îœč
 îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’   î›žîœ‘î›żîœŒîœ“  îœčî„Ą
îąș
î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ­îŠîąŒ

 ,     ,   îœČ     
 î›ș îœčî„Ą   , îœ“îœŒî›żî›ș  î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹îœšîœč         îœžî“î„Ą
  î›ș   îœčîœźîą·î›ž îœČ       îœč,  
,  îœźîœ™î›»îœ‚îœ‹  îœźîœ™î …îœ±îœ’  îœč î›ș îœČîœ‹îœœîœźîœ‡îœ’îœ­î  îœč  îœčî„Ą  
 îœčîœźîą·î›ž   îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’    îœČ     îœčî„Ą  
î›șîœČ  îœČ, îœ“îœŒî›żî›ș   îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’ îœîƒîŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ  îœźîœ™îą·îœ­îœ      
    îœč   îœČ    îœč    îœČ îœčîœźîą·î›ž  
î›ș   î›ș 
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4.      îœČî›č      î›žîœ±îœźî›żî›°î„Ą
î›Ș:đŸŒŸîœîƒî›żîœ­îœ   :   
   "   "  "    "   îœčî„Ą   îœč
îžîœŒîƒîœźî›ž       îą©îœ™îœîœ­îœ’  îœč—    îœčî„Ą î›ș  - î›č  
  îœČ  ,    î›č  î›ș  îœČîœŁîœ±  îœčî„Ą     
    îœč,    î›ș îœČîœ‹îœœîœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ      îœčî„Ą ,  
          î›ș
đŸŒ±îœîƒî›żîœ­îœ     îœČî›č 
1. î›ș    îœČ
     î›ș-  î›œîą  îą©îœ­îœî›ž  îœčî„Ą
‱ î›ș  î›č îœîœźîœ‰îŠîœ’îœŒîƒ  (   )  î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœčî„Ą
‱  ()  î›č î€îœ±îŁ† îœČ (î›č îœČ)   î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœčî„Ą  î›œîą 1960    
   îœ•îœŒî›žîœźîźîœ’ ,  î›Ș î›Ș   îœźî›žîŁîœŒîƒ, î›Ș  îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›©
îœČ  îœČ î›žîœ±î„Ą
👉:    î›č    î›ș  î›șîœ’îœ­î„Ą
2. î›Ș   
   îœČ   î›Șî›ș     îœžî“î„Ą
‱ îœč, , îȘ    îœžî“î„Ą
‱   îœšîœ­îœ“îœ±îœŻîœ“î›ž       îœč      îœčî„Ą
👉  î›č     îœČ   î›Șî›ș    î›č îœčî„Ą
3. îą©îœ­îœî›ž îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›©
      îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›© îźîœ†îœ­îœźîœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ    îœčî„Ą
‱ îœČ,    îœč îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ    îœ‹îœžîœ“îî„Ą
‱ î›ș      îŸšîœłîœîœ™îœžîœ•î„Ą   îœČ  îœč     
       îœčî„Ą
đŸ‘‰îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›©        îœčî„Ą
4. î›Ș î›Ș
    î›Ș     îœčî„Ą
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‱ î›ș    îœč îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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     îœčî„Ą
‱  î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›« îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±, îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›©  îœČ    îœčî„Ą
👉  î›č   îźîœ‡îœ±î›ž îœžî“î„Ą
5.  
    - (  î›żîœ±îœźîœ™îœ‡   )  îœčî„Ą   îœč
‱  îœČ       î›Șî›ș îœžî“î„Ą
‱     ( î›č î›ș) îœč  î›č î›°î›żîîœźîœîœ’îœŒîƒ  
 îœčî„Ą
👉 î›č   î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹îœ’îœ­îœîœ‹      îą©îœ™îœîœ­îœ’ îœčî„Ą
6.  îœîœźîœ‘îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ  
       îœžî“î„Ą
‱  , îœîœ±î›ż, î›Ș   î›Șîœîœ•îĄ©  îœžî“î„Ą
‱    îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ± îœźî›žîœîœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ    îœčî„Ą
7. îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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 î›č îœČ  î›ș
    î›ș          î›ș îœčî„Ą
‱  î Ș î›č î›ș î›ș    î›șî›ș 40-50%     îœčî„Ą
‱    îœîœŒî›żîœ‹ î›Șîœîœ•îĄ©        î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœčî„Ą
ï•’îœîƒî›żîœ­îœ     îœČî›č 
      î›č îœč,   î›ș      îœč î›żîœŒ
   î›č   
1. î›ș     
î›ș-  î›œîą      î›č    îœčî„Ą
‱ îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±       î›ș îœčî„Ą
‱    îœČ  î›ș îœčî„Ą
‱    î›Ș-     îœžî“î„Ą
👉  î›č     îœč,    îœ‰îœ±î›»îŠî›žîœ­îœźîœ•î›ž   î›żîœŒîœ°î›č   î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœčî„Ą
2.   
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  î›č      î›Șî›ș    î›ș  îœč
‱ î›ș    î›Ș îœČ       îœ‡îœžî›żîœ±    îœčî„Ą
‱  îœźî›żîœ•îœŒîƒ      îœčî„Ą
👉  " "   îœîœŁîœ± îœČîœ‹îœœîœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ    îœčî„Ą
3.  
 î›Ș     î›Șî›ș     îœČ  îœč
‱    îœžîœ­îœźîœ‹î„Ą
‱     îœ™îœŽîœ°î  î„Ą
‱  î›Șîœ™îŠîœ“îœ‡îœ­î„Ą
đŸ‘‰î›žîœîœ± î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›«  îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ± -   î›č  îœčî„Ą
4.  
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
          î›ș îœČ   îœčî„Ą
‱ îœîœźîœ‰îŠîœ’îœŒîƒ   ,   îœźîœ‰îąŸîœ±  îœČ   îœčî„Ą
‱ îœČîŁˆîœŒîƒ  îœČ     î›čîœ‡îœ“îœžî„Ą
👉        î›ș  îœčî„Ą
5. î›č  î›Ș î›ș
îœČ    , î›Ș  îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›©       îœčî„Ą
‱      îœžî“î„Ą
‱         îœčî„Ą
👉  îœźî›žîœîœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ        îœčî„Ą
6.  
î›Ș î›Ș  ,    îœžî“î„Ą
‱  îœČ î›ș
‱    ()     î›ș        îœčî„Ą
‱   î›Ș-î›œîœ€îœ­îœ™î„Ą
👉 î›Ș î›ș     î›œîą       
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7.   î›č
   î›Șî›ș    î›Ș  îœžî“î„Ą
‱ îœČ   (îœč  )        
‱    îœîœŒî›żîœ‹      îœžî“î„Ą
8.  î›żîœŒîœ‡îœŒîƒ  î›č
î›żîœ‘îœ±îœ‹   îœîœ±îœźîœ€îœ’îœŒîƒ    îœîœ‰îŁŸîœŒîƒ      îœčî„Ą
‱    î›č   îœČ  îœčî„Ą
‱ î›Ș   îœčî„Ą
9. îœČ 
 ,    -   /î›č     
‱   î›č         îœč,  îœČ  
   îœČ    îœčî„Ą
‱    î›ș  îœč   îœčî„Ą
👉îœČ  î›č    îœčî„Ą
🎯
         -    îœčî„Ą  ,   
      îœč,  î›č î›ș   î›č îœČ îœČ  îœčî„Ą îœ‰îœłîœîœ“îœ± ,
î›ș     ,   , îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±  î›č   îœźî›žîœîœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ  îœČ
  îœč   îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ± îœźîœ‚î›žîœ­î›«  îœčî„Ą
î›ș-
5.  î›Șî›ș  îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’î›žîœ“îœ†   ?    î›Șî›ș   îœč 
   
î›Ș:1.  î›Șî›ș  îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’î›žîœ“îœ†     îœč?
îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’î›žîœ“îœ†î›šîœî›žîœ­  îœč îœźî›žîœîœ± î›Șî›ș      î›ș îœč    îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ  
   îźîœ™îœŽîœźî …î„Ą  î›Șî›ș  îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’î›žîœŽ  î›Șî›ș  î›Ș îąŒ î›Ș îœč îžîœŒîƒîœźî›ž  
 (î›ș)      îœč, î›żîœŒ ,         
î›ș  îœčî„Ą
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,  î›č   î›ș  î›Ș        îœžî“î„Ą
2.  î›Șî›ș  îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’î›žîœ“îœ† 
   î›Șî›ș  îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’î›žîœ“îœ†    îœČ      -
îœČ     î›ș îœč:
()   (î›ș)  î›Șîœîœ•îĄ©îœ‡îœ­
‱ î›ș  î›Șî›ș     îœčî„Ą
‱      îœč,   îœ‘îœœî›żîœłîœ‰     î›żîą—îœ± î›č  îœčî„Ą
‱ , î›ș  î›č        î›żîœ­îœ‹îœ± î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°î„Ą
‱   î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›« î›żîœ•îœŒîœ€ îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±   îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›© îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­ îœč, î›żîœŒ  î›ș  î›č  
î›ȘîœČ  îœč, î›č    î›ș îœ‘îî„Ą
👉   îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’î›žîœ“îœ†  îœčî„Ą
(î›č) îœČ  îœČ
‱ î›ș    îœč:
o î›ș  (20° îœîœžîœ°îą€îœ’îœ-30° îœîœžîœ°îą€îœ’îœ)
o  
o   
‱   îœČ,    îœč  , î›ș      îœČ  îœč
(î›ș) î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›« î›żîœ•îœŒîœ€ îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±  îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›©
‱   îœČ   îœč îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ î Ș   î›ș î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›« î›żîœ•îœŒîœ€ îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±  î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœčî„Ą
‱   îŸšîœłîœîœ™îœžîœ•îœŒîƒ    îą©îœ­îœî›ž îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›©     îœČ  îœč, î›żîœŒ
î›ș  î›č    îœčî„Ą
()   î›Șîœîœ•îĄ©îœ‡îœ­
‱  îœźîœ‘îœ•îœŒîƒ  î›ș  , îœ•îœŒîœźîœ„îƒî›ș, î›ș  îźîœŒîœîœžîœźîœîƒî›ș   î”îœźîœ‘î›žîœŒîƒ  
 îœčî„Ą
‱   îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’   î”îœźîœ‘î›ž        îźîœ™îœ­îœîœ± î”îœźîœ‘î›ž  îœ‘îœœî›żîœłîœ‰
,        î›Ș î›Șîœîœ•îĄ©îœ‡îœ­ îœČ  îœčî„Ą
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()  îœČ
‱ îœîœŁî›žîœŒîƒ       î›ș  îœźîœ‘îœ•îœŒîƒ     îœîœ­î›żîœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ  
   îœč
‱    î›ș    îœ‰îœłîœ“îœ±     îœč,     
 î›ș îœčî„Ą
(f) 

îœČ 
‱  î›č        îœźîœî›żîœ•îœ±    
îœčî„Ą
‱     îœČ    îœźîœî›żîœ•îœ±  î›Șîœîœ•îĄ©îœ‡îœ­    îœčî„Ą
(î›żîœ±)   î›Șîœîœ•îĄ©îœ‡îœ­
‱ î›»îœ“îœžîœ•îœł î›č, î›č î›Șî›ș  îœźîœ‘îœƒîœ­î›©      îœîœŁîœ±   î›ș îœč
‱        îœîœ­î›żîœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ    î›Ș î›Ș-î›Ș  
îœźîœîąîœ±   îœźîœ‘îœ•îœ‡îœ± îœčî„Ą
(h)  
‱    îœč:
o î›ș      ()
o îœźîœ‘îœ•îœŒîƒ   îœîœ°îĄ”îœ„îœ±  
o   îœźîœ‘îœ•îœŒîƒ   îœ‹îœ±îœźîœ‡îœ’îœ­îƒ
3.    î›Șî›ș   îœč
   î›Șî›ș        îœčî„Ą  îœČ   î›ș î›Ș  
 îœźî«îœ‡ îœčî„Ą
  îœČî›č  î›Șî›ș :
  îœČ        î›ș   ,  îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č   :
‱ 
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‱ îœžîœŒîœźîœšîœ’îœ­îœ“îœîœČ
‱ î›șîœČîœČ
‱ 
‱ îœČ
‱ 
‱ 
  :
‱ î›ș   î›Ș
‱  îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›© îœČ
‱   
   :
‱  î›č     îœčî„Ą
‱   î›ș  î›č  20-30 îœźî›žîœ•îœŒîœ‘îœ±îœ‚îœ“     îœžî“î„Ą
‱     îœźîœ‹î›żîœ±      îœîƒî›œîœ­îœźîœ•îœ‡  îœžî“î„Ą
î›Ș   îœ‘îœžîœ­îœ“îœ­îąŒ

îœč   îœČ       ,    
îœČîą©îœ™îœ°îŁ•îœ‡ îœžî“î„Ą
4.    î›Șî›ș  
îœČ  îœîœŻîœ“îœ°îŁ•îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ  ,    î›Șî›ș   î›ș    
 îœč:
() îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡ î›ș î›č 
‱    îœČ î›č   î›ș      îœžî“î„Ą
‱ î›ș  î›č        îœč,  îœźîœ‘îœ•îœŒîƒ    
 îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡  î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœčî„Ą
(î›č) î›Ș  î›Ș î›ș
‱      îœ‘î›żîœ‰îœłîœ“îœ±     îœČ   îœčî„Ą
‱ îœźîœî›żîœ•îœ±,   î›čî›č  î›ș  îœČ  î›č   îœčî„Ą
(î›ș) î›Șî›ș    
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‱   îœČ      (4-6 )     îœžî“î„Ą
‱         ,   îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č  î›Ș  :
o    î›Șî›ș
o î”îœźîœ‘î›žîœŒîƒ    îœ“îœŒî›żî›ș
() îœźî›žîœîœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ  îœČî›ș  
‱    î›ș îœźî›žîœîœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ    îœČî›ș     îœžî“î„Ą
‱       î›ș  î›č   îœžîœ‡îœŒî –îœ­îœźîœžîœ‡  îœžî“î„Ą
()    
‱   î›Ș   îœ‘îœžîœ­îœ“îœ­îąŒ

îœč îœČî›č  î›Ș   î›žîœŁîœ±  
   îœčî„Ą
‱    î›ș    îœč   îœč  î›ŠîœˆîŠîą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­î›°îƒ îœ‘îœœî›żîœłîœ‰ îœžî“î„Ą
(f) î›Šîźî›œîœźîœ•îœ‡ 
‱ îœČ    îœČ   î›Șî›ș  îœžî“î„Ą
‱    :
o   îœŻîœ“î›žîœ™îœ“îœ±
o  
(î›żîœ±)  îœČ
‱   î›șîœČ  î›ŠîœîœźîœšîąŒ îœč î›ŠîœîœźîœšîąŒ î›Ș  
‱ îœČîœźî›œîœ‡             îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±    îœčî„Ą
5. îąș
 ,    î›Șî›ș   îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’î›žîœŽ   - î›Șî›ș îœč, î›żîœŒ îœČ  
î›ș  î›Șîœîœ•îĄ©îœ‡îœ­, îœČ, îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›©, ,       îœčî„Ą  
     î›ș î›Ș îœźî›żîœ•îœŒîƒ   îœźî«îœ‡ îœč
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, îœČ    îœîœŻîœ“îœ°îŁ•îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ  , î›Șî›ș      
 îœč îœč  î›ș  îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡ , î›Ș î›Ș î›ș,  , îœźî›žîœîœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ  îœČî›ș
      îźîœźîœ‡îŁ™îœŠîœ­îŠî„Ą
6.    îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“        îŁ™îąŒ î›žîœ±îœźî›żî›°î„Ą
î›Ș:🚚🚆  - îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“       
,   "   "   îœč,    î›Ș       îœčî„Ą
      î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›« î›č  î›Șî›ș       îœč,  î›Ș
     îœČ       îœčî„Ą     
    îœžî“î„Ą    î›ŠîœˆîŠîą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­     î›żîœŒîœŁîœ‹îœž 
î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹îœ“îœžî›č , î›żîœŒ  îœČ    î›ș, , , î›ș  î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș îœČ 
    îœîœ­î›żîœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ  îœî îî›œîî„Ą
        îœžî“î„Ą
đŸŒ±îœîƒî›żîœ­îœ      î›č 
   î›Ș    î›Ș  îœčî„Ą î›Ș  :
‱ î›ș    î›č  îœč   î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœčî„Ą
‱   î›ș    îœžî“î„Ą
‱ îœČ  îœČî›ș î›Ș   îœžî“î„Ą
   î›Ș    îœčî„Ą  îœČ  î›ș      
îœČ    îœčî„Ą        î›ŠîœˆîŠîą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­ 
    îœźîœîœ‘îœ‚îœ± î›șîœ±î„Ą   î›ș î›Ș  î›Șî›ș   îœČ  
 îœžî“î„Ą
🛣   
           îœčî„Ą îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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 î›ș,  î›ș 
      , î›ș, î›žîŁœîœŒîƒ    î›żîœŒîœŁîœ‡îœ± 
îœČ  :
1. îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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 î›ș: -1 (îœźîœ‰îąŸîœ±-), -44  -3 îœč î›ș 
 îœźîœ‰îąŸîœ±, , îœźîœžîœ‘îœ­î›œîœ•     î›žîąłîœ±îœ“  î›żîœŒîœŁîœ‡îœž 
2.  î›ș     îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­î›°îƒ î›ș  îœ‘îƒîœźîœ„îœ’îœŒîƒ (îœîœ­î›żîœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ)  î›žîŁœîœŒîƒ 
î›żîœŒîœŁîœ‡îœ± ,   îœČ  îœč    î›Ș        î„Ą
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3.  îœČîœČ    îœźîœ‰îąŸîœ±--  îœč îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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
îœîœŻîœ“îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›Žîƒ    îœč,       îœč  îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“  
 îœčî„Ą
îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“  î›ș:
‱   îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“:    îœ‘îƒîœźîœ„îœ’îœŒîƒ   î›č î›ș (FCI)  î›ș   
   î›ș     
‱ î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș : îœČ,  "  îœčîœ‹î›œîœžîŁîœ“"   îœč, îœžîœŒîœąîœ“îœ±, 
     î›Ș  îœčî„Ą   î›Ș       
  
‱  îœČ :  î›Ș, îœîœ°îĄ„îœ’îœ­î        îœčî„Ą
  îœČ     îœźîœ‰îąŸîœ±, î›ș  î›Ș î›ș  îœîœ­î›żîœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ  
î›č  
👉   î›ș   ,    îœ‰îœłîœ“îœ±   îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“   
 î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± 
🚆   
    î›ŠîœˆîŠîą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­   ,   î›Ș  îœžî“î„Ą    
    îœČ  îœč,  îœČ, , , îœźîœŽîœ“îœŒî›żîœîœČ   îœč
îœČî›č  
îœČ  :
1. îœș î›ș    îœș-î›ș  îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±  îœîœłîœ“îœ±     îœč,  
  î›§îœ™îœ­î›żîœ­îœžîœ±    îœčî„Ą
2.  îœČ î›ș:  î›ș, ,   î›Ș îœč  îœČ  
 
3.   î›ș   î›ș    î›żîœŒîœŁîœ‡îœ± ,  î›ș îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“
   îœžî“î„Ą
îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“  î›ș:
‱  : ,  î›ș  îœČ îœč     îœîœŁîœ±   
       îœČ  îœč
‱   :   îœČ      îœČ ,   
 îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡ îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“  îœČ îœźîœ‘îœ•îœ‡îœ± îœč
‱ î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș :    î›Șî›ș     îœč    îœč
 îœč     îœč
👉 î›ș îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ±,  îœč  î›ș   îœč,    îœ‰îœłîœ“îœ±  
îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“      îœč
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🌟    îœČ 
       
‱   î›Ș  îœ‘îƒîœźîœ„îœ’îœŒîƒ      îœîœŁî›žîœŒîƒ  î›Șî›ș  îœžî“î„Ą
‱ îœ‘îƒîœźîœ„îœ’îœŒîƒ               îœčî„Ą
‱ î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș    î›ș  îœîœŁîœŒîœîœ±     î›ș    îœîœ­î›żîœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ  
  îœčî„Ą
      îœČ  îœč    îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“    îœČ  
 îœ“îœžîœžî„Ą
ï•’îœîœ‘îŁŸîœ­î›°îƒ  îœČîœ‹îœœîœźîœ‡îœ’îœ­îƒ
   ,      îœČîœ‹îœœîœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ     îœč:
1. îœîœŁî›žîœŒîƒ   :      

  î›ș  
 îœč
2. îœîœ±îœŁîœîœ­îœŁ: î›ș       îœč,  îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“    îœčî„Ą
3.    î›șîœ­îœźîœŁîœ’îœŒîƒ  îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡        îœźîœ„îœ•îœ±îœ™îœ“îœ±
  îœčî„Ą
4. îœČîœźîœ‹îœ’îœ­îœ‰îœ±   î›čî›č:  -     , î›č   
5.  îœČ: îœČ   îœźî›żîœ•îœŒîƒ   î›žîœ‹îœžîœ°îžƒîœźîœ™îœ‚îœ±   îœč,  îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“
 îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡  î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœč
🎯
        îœîœœîœźîœ‡î›ž     — -
îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“  î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹îœ“îœžî›č îœžî“î„Ą  î›ș     ,   îœČ  îœč 
 îœČ îœîœ­îœąîœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ    îœî îî›œîî„Ą  îą©îœ­îœî›žîœ‡îœ­     îœč,  
îœČ   îœ‰îœłîœ“îœ±     îœčî„Ą  ,     î›Ș  
   î›Șîœîœ•îĄ©  ,    î›ŠîœˆîŠîą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­  îœ“îœ­îąŒ

 î›č îœČ  
 
î›ș-
7.      , -       î›žîœ±îœźî›żî›°
î›Ș:đŸŒŸîœ‘îœ­îœ€    , -    
   " îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ  "   îœč,   îœîœœîœźîœ‡î›ž    
      îœˆîœŒîœŁîœ±   îœžî“î„Ą    -î›șîœŒîœźîœ•î›ž îœźîœ™îœîœ­î›żîœ‹îœŒîƒ , 
     îœčî„Ą     î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›« îœč   ,  î›Ș
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, -  (îœîœœîœźîœ‡î›ž )       îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ   
îœžî“î„Ą      ,      îœźîœ™î šîœ­îœźîœˆîŠîœ’îœŒîƒ  îœČ    , 
       îœžîœŒîƒî„Ą
📍1.   
     îœč "  "  ""î„Ą    îœČ,   
 î›ș   îœč
‱     îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ    îœčî„Ą
‱    î›Ș-îœîœźîąźîœ‘îœ± î›ș   îœčî„Ą
‱ îœČî›č îœźî›żîœ•îœŒîƒ   :
o 
o î›șîœČîœČ
o  (  )
‱  îœîœźîąźîœ‘îœ±      î›Šîƒîœ‡îœ“îœ“îœ­îąŒ
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   îœčî„Ą
      îœč î›±îœźîœ‡îœžîœ­îœźîœî›ž   ,     
  î›Ș    îœčî„Ą
2.   -  
-       îœîœœîœźîœ‡î›ž   îœč— , îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±  - 
    î›Ș îœč   îœč,   îœč:
‱       îœžîą‹îœ±  îœčî„Ą
‱    îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ î Ș  î›ș î›żîœ•îœŒîœ€ îœźîœ‹îž—îœžîœîœŒîƒ  
‱ îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ± îœč:
o î›ș
o î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›«
o î›čîœźîœ‹î›żîœŒîƒ  
, îœČ  îœ‘îœ­îœ‘îœłîœ•îœ±  îœ‘îœœî›żîœłîœ‰ :
‱ îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ        îœč  îœžî“î„Ą
‱   î›ș   îœČ    îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±    îœčî„Ą
‱    î›Ș î›ș   îœˆîœŒîœŁîœ± î›«îœîœŁ-î›č îœčî„Ą
îœČ  ,   -       îœč, î›żîœŒ     î›Ș   
  îœčî„Ą
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🌳3.   
  ,      ,  î›żîœ‹îœîƒîž„îœ­   î›ș î›č  , 
       î›ș îœč
   ():
‱ î›ȘîŁî›žîœźîœ‚îœîƒîœŠîœ±îœ’ îœČîąș  
‱ îœč :
o 
o 
o 
o î›ș
 :
‱ îœČ î›č    
‱ îœČ    :
o î›șîœžîĄîđŸŒŸ
o î›œîœ­îœ™îœ•đŸŒŸ
o 
‱    :
o îœîœŁî›žîœŒîƒ  
o   
o î›ș  
 ,       îœČ   -   îœîœŻîœ“î€ŠîąŽ îœč  î›č îœč
đŸŒżîœ‰îœŒî›§îœîœ­ 
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📍1.   
    îœšîĄšîœŒîƒ   îœč:
‱

= 
‱

= 
,    îœč " îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ    îœîœłîœźîœ‘î„Ą"
‱   îœČ îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ   
‱     î›ș   îœčî„Ą
‱  :
o 
o îœžîœŒîœźîœšîœ’îœ­îœ“îœîœČ
o 
o  î›ș  î›ș
  îœČ      îœč          
îœčî„Ą
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2.   -  
    î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›« - îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ    îœčî„Ą
îœČ    :
‱ î›șî›ș îœîœłîœ“îœ±    îœč
‱   î›żîœ•îœŒîœ€ îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±
‱     î›ș   ,  îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±  î›Ș  îœčî„Ą
‱ îœžîą‹îœ±    î›Ș îąŒ    îœźîœ‹î›žîœ­îœîœ±
 :
‱  îž—îœžî©îĄŻîœ­îœ  îœČ   (   îœźîœ‹î›œîœ•îœž  )
o  î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›«
o î›ș  îœîœ°îĄ„îœ’îœŒîƒ   î›ȘîœČ
   ,    "  î›ș"   îœč
🌳3.   
    ,        îœčî„Ą
   ():
‱ îœČîąș  
‱ îœč :
o 
o îœČ
o 
o 
 :
‱     îœČ
‱ îœČî›č :
o î›ș
o 
o î›ș
o 
‱    îœč:
o î›ș  
o  
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o   
   îœźîœîƒî›œîœ­î›©  ,        îœźîœžîŁŁîœŒîƒ  îœČ  
-   î›č  îœč
🔍îœČ  ( îœšîĄšîœŒîƒ )




  
  îœČ

-î›Ș- 
 
- 
îœžîą‹îœ±    
   î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›«

 ,  
    
îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±  î›Ș
 î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›«
 î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›«
đŸ§Ÿîœźîœ‹îąș
           î›żîœŒ  îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ  î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›« î›żîœ•îœŒîœ€
îœč  îœźî›»îœ“îœž  îœžî“î„Ą
‱  î›±îœźîœ‡îœžîœ­îœźîœî›ž ,            îœč
‱  î›Ș îąŒ  î›Ș, -         îœč
  ,         — , î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›« 
     î›ș îœČîœŁîœ­îœ™î„Ą  î›șîœŒîœźîœ•î›ž , -       
    îœźîœ‘îœ•îœ‡îœ± îœč      î›Ș      î›żîœ±îœ™îƒîœ‡ 
     îœčî„Ą
8. îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č  îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›č:
(i)    
(ii)    î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș  
î›Ș:đŸŒ†îœ‰îœŒî›§îœîœ­    î›”îœ“đŸ­îœ‘îœ­îœ•îœ™îœ­   î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș  
   - î›č, îœč   îœźî›žîœîœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ      î›č  îœčî„Ą 
   ,      îœČ       î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș  
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î›č îœčî„Ą     î›Ș      îœžî“î„Ą    
   îœč, î›żîœŒ î›ș, î›ŠîœˆîŠîą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­   î Ș  îœčî„Ą
(i)đŸŒ†îœ‰îœŒî›§îœîœ­   
📍  
    îœČ îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ    îœčî„Ą      îœč " îœ‹îœźîœ‰îœ’îœŒîƒ 
  "î„Ą  , îœžîœŒîœźîœšîœ’îœ­îœ“îœîœČ,    ( î›ș  î›ș) îœč
  îœžî“î„Ą
î›ș  ,   î›Șîœî›żîœ­î›« îœźîœ‘îŸ„îœ±        îœˆîœ­î„Ą   
,            î›șîœ’îœ­î„Ą
đŸŒŸîœšîœžîœ“îœ±î›žîœ“îœ†    
1.          îœźî›žîœîœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ     ,
 î›ȘîĄŽîœŒîƒîœ‹îœž ,    î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹ îœč   
2.  îźîœ™îœ­îœîœ‰îœŒî›§îœîœ­ ,    îœč      î›ș  
 îœčî„Ą îœźîœ™îœ‰îœžîœšîœŒîƒ      îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’ î›ŠîœˆîŠîą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­î›Žîƒ   ,  îœČ
,  ,    îœČ  

3.     îœžîœŒîœźîœšîœ’îœ­îœ“îœîœČ      î›ș,  îœźîœ™îą·îœźîœ™î šîœ­îœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ,
îœșîœ•îœžî›żîœŒîƒ           îœźî›žîœ’îœ­î„Ą  îœîƒîŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ   
   
4. î›č  îœ‘îœ±îœźîœ„îœ’îœ­ î›Șî›ș    î›č îœ“îœ­î›żîœŠîœ­îœ‹îœ±      îœč, 
î›č   î›Ș  îœč  î›Ș îœźîœ™îą·      îœčî„Ą  îœ‘îœ±îœźîœ„îœ’îœ­
î›Ș  î›ș   î›č - ,     î›ș îœźîœ‘îœ•îœ­î„Ą
5. î›žîœ‹îœžîœ°îžƒîœźîœ™îœ‚îœ±î€î“îœ„               
î›żîœŒîœŁîœ­,  îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“     îźîœŒî –îœ­îœžîœ‹ 
đŸ™îœšîœžîœ“îœ±î›žîœ“îœ†  
‱   î›Ș : , î›ș  îœžîœŒîœźîœšîœ’îœ­îœ“îœîœČ îœČî›č    
‱ îœČ :      ,   " "  
îœč
‱  : îœșî›ș îœșî€±îĄ˜îœžîž›, îœș    î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹îœšîœč   
‱   :    îœîœźîąźîœ‘îœ± î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹îœšîœč        
   î›ș îœč
    
‱  îœźîœ™î›žîœ­îœîœšîœžîœ“îœ±      ,    -    îœžî“î„Ą
‱  :  îœČ     ,  îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’ î›Șî›ș   
î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± 
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‱  :     ,       îœČ
 îœč
‱  : îœîœźîąźîœ‘îœ±  -  îœîƒî›żîœ­îœîœ± îœ‘îœłîąžîœŒîƒ   îœč
👉 ,    î Ș îœč îžîœŒîƒîœźî›ž     îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœ±îœ’ î›Șî›ș   îœčîœźîą·î›ž
     îœîƒî›œîœ­îœźîœ•îœ‡  îœč
(ii)🏭   î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș  
📍  
  îœČ      îœč   îœČ, , , î›ș, î›ș
  îœč   îœžî“î„Ą   î›żîœ‹îœîƒîž„îœ­   î€ŠîœźîąŒ     
  îœčî„Ą
       îœč,       î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș    
  îœč, î›č îœČ îœ‘îî„Ą
đŸŒŸî›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș     
1. î›șîœŒîœźîœ•î›ž       îœźîœ‰îąŸîœ±   îœîœ­î›żîœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ   î›žîœ‹îœžîœ°îžƒîœźîœ™îœ‚îœ±
  î›Șî›ș     
2. î›Ș  îœČ  î›ș  îą©îœ­îœ™îœîœ­îœźîœ’î›ž îœČ      îœžî“î„Ą
îœČ î›Șî›ș - , î›č   îœžîœŒîœąîœ“îœ± 
3.    î›Șîœîœ•îĄ©îœ‡îœ­îœ‘îœ­îœ•îœ™îœ­  î›Șî›ș      î›Șî›ș  
îœźîœ‘îœ•îœ‡îœ± îœˆîœ±î„Ą
4. îœČ  î”îœźîœ‘î›žî€îœ­îœ‘îœ±îœ†     î›č   î”îœźîœ‘î›žîœŒîƒ     
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5. î›Šîœ™îœîƒîœ“î›œîœ‹îœ­îœźîœî›żîœ•îœ±   -      î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș  
 
🏭  îœČî›č î›Șî›ș
‱   îœžîœŒîœąîœ“îœ±: îœČ     îœžîœŒîœąîœ“îœ± î›Ș   "  îœčîœ‹î›œîœžîŁîœ“"
  îœč
‱    î›ȘîœČ  , îœźîœîœ•îœ­î›©      
î›Ș  îœčî„Ą
‱ î›č      î›Șî›ș ,   î›č   
 
‱  îœźîœ‘î›žîą€  î›Ș:    îœîœŁîœ± îœŻîœ“îœŽîœ­î›šîœ‹îœ“îœ±  î›Ș  
‱    î›Șî›ș:   ,       îœžî“î„Ą
  î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș   
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îœœîœ†î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș î›ŠîœîœźîœšîąŒ  î›Ș     î›șîœČ    îœžî“î„Ą
‱       î›Șî›ș  îœČîœŁîœ±    
   - "  "   îœčî„Ą
‱ îœČ î›Șî›ș   îœźîœ‹îœîŠîœ“îœ‡îœ­î›žî›© î›Șî›ș    îœčîœźîą·î›ž     
îœČîœ‹îœœîœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ    îœžî“î„Ą
‱  : îźîœ™îœ­îœîœ± î”îœźîœ‘î›žîœŒîƒ   î›č î›žîœ­îœ‘î›žîœ­î›żîœ± îœîœŻîœ“îœ°îŁ•îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ    
îœčî„Ą
‱  îœČ îœč   îœîœ±îœŁîœîœ­îœŁ,     îœČîœźîœ‹îœ’îœ­îœ‰îœ±   
îœč  îœžî“î„Ą
👉  î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș î›șîœźîœ‡îœźîœ™îœźîœŠîœ’îœŒîƒ        îœč,     
  îœČîœ‹îœœîœźîœ‡îœ’îœ­îƒ  î›čîœŁîœ±  îœžî“î„Ą
🎯
   î›ș    îœč—   îœČ   îœč
‱     îœč  îœč  ,      î›ș   ,
 î›ș î›žîŁœîœŒîƒ    îœČ      îœžî“î„Ą
‱     îœč  îœč  î›Ș,     î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș 
    ,  îœČ    î›”î šîœŒîœźî›ș      îœžî“î„Ą
“ î›č îœč î›Șî žîœžîąŽîœŒîƒ   îœîœ­îœ™îœŠîœ­îœ‹îœ±îœîœłîœ™îŠî›ž îœč  î›ș îœčî„Ą    îœČ
      îœČ ,        î›žîœ“îî„Ąâ€